Portugaliae
Electrochimica Acta

LcBm is gaining popularity as an alternative energy source, due to the depletion of petroleum derivatives and environmental concerns. Characterizing Lcbm intermediates and products is critical for turning it into Bf. LBm chemical composition is crutial in creating successful pretreatment methods that break down its stiff structure and convert sucrose to glucose via enzymes and microorganisms. The steps herein reviewed allow for C2H5OH synthesis and additional value-added green chemicals. This review examines various feedstock and pretreatment techniques for C2H5OH production, including Ln degradation, breakdown, hydrolysis and fermentation. While combined pretreatment improves chemical production and enzymatic hydrolysis of LBm, it has greater operating costs. Acids pretreatment procedures, steam explosion and hydrothermal treatments effectively remove Hc fractions. Alkali, oxidative or organosolve pretreatment is more successful in removing and degrading phenols. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of current and future bio refinery processes, identify constraints and develop technologies to improve pretreatment procedures. Keywords: Bf; LcBm; pretreatment.

CI of MS in ground water by AEOBL and Zn was herein investigated by WL method and PDP. It was concluded that MS corrosion resistance strengthened with AEOBL and Zn presence, due to an increase in LPR and a decrease in Icorr. Therefore, AEOBL and Zn inhibited metal corrosion and acted as good CI. SP showed a SE between AEOBL active principles and Zn ion. FTIR spectral analysis revealed that a protective film was formed on the MS surface by coordination of Fe2+ ion with polar O atoms of phenolic and ether groups, pi electrons of the double bonds and O of methoxy group. Each functional group contributed to the protective film formation, which also contained Zn(OH)2. SEM images confirmed the formation of a protective film on the MS surface. PDP revealed that LPR increased from 760 to 4561 Ohm/cm2 and Icorr decreased from 5.941 x 10-5 to 1.006 x 10-5 A/cm2. The findings may be useful in water towers where ground water is used for cooling. Keywords: AEOBL; CI; FTIR; ground water; MS; PDP; SEM; SP; WL method; Zn(OH)2.

AMMC are notable for their extensive research and unique property profiles, surpassing those of traditional solid metals. Their remarkable strength sets them apart, making them highly sought-after and versatile across diverse industries. The integration of reinforcements into AMMC boosts their properties, including increased tensile and compressive strength, improved wear resistance, reduced thermal expansion and enhanced hardness, characteristics unattainable with conventional materials. However, the use of CMC, such as SiC and Al2O3, escalates the production cost of AMMC, thereby limiting their application in various industries. In recent times, researchers have increasingly turned to natural reinforcements derived from waste sources, such as bamboo leaves, rice and palm kernel shells. However, investigations into PV potential as reinforcements for AMMC have been limited, prompting the initiation of this study. This research aimed to examine mechanical, microstructural, electrochemical and optoelectronic properties of AMMC reinforced with PVP. The study demonstrated an increase in hardness values, from 28.1 to 38.5 HRB, with 25% PVP reinforcement, and a significant reduction in CR, from 12.06 to 6.13 mm/yr. Electrical resistivity and conductivity measurements showed variations across composite samples, while microstructural analysis confirmed uniform PVP dispersion and integration within the metal matrix, alongside additional crystalline formations. Keywords: Al; corrosion; HRB; optoelectrical; PV; PVP; reinforcement.

Due to its wide areas of applications, ready availability and affordability, mild steel has become a very versatile metal in the industry, but it is usually exposed to different environments that can corrode it, thereby affecting its properties and performance. Hence, effective metal corrosion control is required before or during mild steel application. Zn₃(PO₄)₂ coating is a preferred method for surface treatment and finishing of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, being highly regarded for its efficiency, rapid operation and ability to provide outstanding corrosion and wear resistance, adhesion and lubricative properties. In this review, components of Zn₃(PO₄)₂ bath, its detailed process, adsorption mechanism on metal surfaces, applications, thermodynamic and kinetic properties, are considered. Keywords: coating; corrosion; metal; Zn₃(PO₄)₂.

Electrooxidation (EO) of glucose (Glu) on a stainless steel (SS) electrode surface was investigated under two conditions: in the absence and presence of Pseudomonas bacteria. In its absence, CV analysis revealed a redox system within potential (E) range from -0.5 to 0 V. However, when bacteria suspension was introduced into the electrolytic solution, significant changes were observed. CV showed the emergence of anodic and cathodic peaks, accompanied by a substantial increase in current density (j). This indicated strong interactions between electrode surface and bacteria. The presence of bacteria also caused the redox system to shift towards more anodic E values. Despite this shift, oxidation j decreased. These findings suggest that Pseudomonas played a critical role in modifying the electrochemical behavior of Glu on SS electrode surface, possibly through direct interactions or alterations in the local environment at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Keywords: bio-corrosion; CV; EO; Glu; pseudomonas; SS.