Portugaliae
Electrochimica Acta

Lignin generated from biomass is the most promising fuel for industrial civilizations. It is the most common aromatic polymer on the planet and one of the most challenging substances to commercialise. Among the various compounds released by LcB during pretreatment are reducing sugars, which may be utilised to generate biofuels and other merchandises. LcB are readily available, renewable, recyclable and abundant. As a result of climate change and environmental damage, sustainability has gained popularity. Many researchers are focusing on renewable biofuel derived from sustainable sources, due to the need for a flexible approach to address expanding global energy demands. Industrial biorefineries that use LcB as feedstock for biofuel and other bioproducts have been created. Biochemical conversion of LcB into fuels and chemicals is dependent on cellulose and hemicellulose extraction. To generate sustainable energy, LcB must be pretreated to increase fragmentation and decrease lignin concentration. T, duration, particle size and solid loading are all controlling factors in lignin extraction. Effective lignin recovery and valorisation solutions have been identified by sustainable lignocellulose biorefineries. Keywords: AC; biofuels; delignification; LcB; pretreatment; sustainable.

Accelerated corrosion is closely associated with the inclusion of secondary reinforcement particulates in metal matrices, where they are usually present as cathodic sites. This hinders full utilization of composite products for engineering applications. In this study, chemical CC were used to improve MMC corrosion in atmospheric and simulated seawater environments. Comparison between CCC and PPCC performance was done to find a substitute for the former, which contains carcinogenic Cr VI ions. Japanese industrial testing method was used to determine the composite LC/CC samples adhesion characteristics, after a series of exposure regimens. CCC specimens displayed marginal corrosion resistance superiority over their PPCC counterparts. There was little to no pits on the CC substrate compared to the non-coated samples. The CC applied on the substrates prevented the coating delamination. The lacquer remained unpeeled on the substrate, during Japanese industrial testing. This indicates reduced corrosion activities on the substrates. Keywords: adhesion; AMC; CCC; corrosion; LC; PKSA; PPCC.

The present work studied SR of electroless Ni-W-P ternary alloy coatings on a Cu substrate. There is very little specific research conducted on the importance of reducing materials SR through Ni-W-P electroless coating, which further improves their mechanical properties. In this study, it was attempted to reduce the as-coated Ni-W-P Cu substrate surface SR by adopting DoE and optimizing the process parameters using CCD. The aim was to optimize the desired response controlled by multiple input parameters. ANOVA and regression analysis were implemented to indicate the significance of as-coated substrates parameters and their impact on the measured SR responses. From CCD optimization, optimal SR parameters were found to occur at low values. Furthermore, FL approach was employed to predict Ni-W-P electroless coating SR, as compared to experimental and CCD approaches. It was found that fuzzy measured values were in good agreement with experimental and CCD values. There was a small difference among all values, and response optimization predicted optimal conditions comparatively well. Therefore, the developed models can be effectively used to predict SR. Moreover, confirmation tests were performed to validate that CCD optimized levels and developed fuzzy models effectively represented SR. Optimized parameters characterization was done with the help of SEM and EDX. It was seen that globular shaped atoms were scattered all over the sample, while granular grains were more clear. From EDX, appropriate deposition of Ni-W-P substrate in Cu was found. Thus, it was concluded that Ni-W-P incorporation in the Cu substrate made a major contribution to the film morphology, enhancing the metal properties and reducing SR. Keywords: CCD; contour plot; Cu substrate; EDX; electroless coating; FL; MF; microstructure; Ni-W-P coatings; SEM; SR.

Lignin (Ln) is an intricate byproduct that is present in all vascular plants. It is essential in the formation of cell walls, particularly in wood and bark, and the development of connective tissues, since it gives stiffness, strength and resistance against external stimuli like infections. Ln has a variety of economic uses, and its extraction might lead to the development of several novel applications. This study examined several ways of extracting Ln from Bm of RH and WH. TGA, SEM, PA, UA and other detailed characterization methods gave unexpected insights. Notably, WH yield 16% Ln, after 5 h, but RH yielded 13% after 4 h. Similarly, RH and WH yielded 10% and 12% Ln, after 3 h, respectively. WH had higher Ln yield than other Bm. These findings illustrate variability in Ln concentrations among Bm, when the alkaline method was used for giving more yield. Keywords: biofuel production; Bm; Ln extraction; pretreatment; RH; SEM; TGA; WH.

This report focused on understanding the effect of various SS and pH on MS in a mine water, using a RCE. The use of this type of apparatus in lab testing provides accurate SS, and generates electrochemical signatures that deliver repeatable and accurate data. The data obtained from the RCE were correlated with a modified model predictor with comparable CR monitoring, in order to provide more insight into MS corrosion mechanism in a simulated mine water. Keywords: CR; MS; RCE; simulated mine water; solution pH.